人工湿地对城市住宅区降雨径流中铅的去除效果研究

根据重庆市棕榈泉住宅区雨水径流处理人工湿地的进水特点和运行特点,考察了该人工湿地恒定负荷下对铅的长期去除效果和单场降雨冲击负荷下铅的去除效果。结果表明,住宅区径流中铅浓度随季节性降雨特征变化明显,主要以非溶解态存在。在平均HRT为56 h的日常进水负荷下,人工湿地对铅长期表现出明显而稳定的去除作用,平均去除率达到84.9%,去除负荷达到10.5 mg/(m2.d),出水浓度和去除率受季节变化影响不明显。铅浓度在人工湿地内沿程下降,湿地系统前端潜流床内的去除作用最为明显。在冲击负荷分别为7.3和8.7倍日常负荷、持续时间分别为1.5和2.5 h的两场降雨中,人工湿地铅平均去除率分别为73.22%和38.12%。人工湿地对暴雨高冲击负荷具有明显的缓冲作用,对铅的去除效果受单场降雨进水流量曲线、进水水质曲线以及雨前储存容积大小的影响明显。     

Experimental investigation on explosion flame propagation of wood dust in a semi-closed tube

In order to explore flame propagation characteristics during wood dust explosions in a semi-closed tube, a high-speed camera, a thermal infrared imaging device and a pressure sensor were used in the study. Poplar dusts with different particle size distributions (0–50, 50–96 and 96–180 μm) were respectively placed in a Hartmann tube to mimic dust cloud explosions, and flame propagation behaviors such as flame propagation velocity, flame temperature and explosion pressure were detected and analyzed. According to the changes of flame shapes, flame propagations in wood dust explosions were divided into three stages including ignition, vertical propagation and free diffusion. Flame propagations for the two smaller particles were dominated by homogeneous combustion, while flame propagation for the largest particles was controlled by heterogeneous combustion, which had been confirmed by individual Damköhler number. All flame propagation velocities for different groups of wood particles in dust explosions were increased at first and then decreased with the augmentation of mass concentration. Flame temperatures and explosion pressures were almost similarly changed. Dust explosions in 50–96 μm wood particles were more intense than in the other two particles, of which the most severe explosion appeared at a mass concentration of 750 g/m³. Meanwhile, flame propagation velocity, flame propagation temperature and explosion pressure reached to the maximum values of 10.45 m/s, 1373 °C and 0.41 MPa. In addition, sensitive concentrations corresponding to the three groups of particles from small to large were 500, 750 and 1000 g/m³, separately, indicating that sensitive concentration in dust explosions of wood particles was elevated with the increase of particle size. Taken together, the finding demonstrated that particle size and mass concentration of wood dusts affected the occurrence and severity of dust explosions, which could provide guidance and reference for the identification, assessment and industrial safety management of wood dust explosions.     

解析电除尘烟温与粉尘特性的最佳结合点

分析了电除尘烟温对粉尘特性的影响,以及烟温对电除尘器效率的影响,从中找出烟温调节与粉尘特性的最佳结合点。利用烟温调节的理念,应用余热利用节能电除尘技术对电除尘器进行提效改造,通过实例证明,这既可扩大电除尘器适应性和提高电除尘效率、满足低排放要求,又可节省电煤消耗和降低电耗,具有环保与经济的双重效益。     

Tri-decabrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in indoor air and dust from Stockholm microenvironments 2: indoor sources and human exposure

Data on polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) concentrations from Stockholm, Sweden, indoor microenvironments were combined with information from detailed questionnaires regarding the sampling location characteristics, including furnishing and equipment present. These were used to elucidate relationships between possible flame-retarded sources and the contaminant concentrations found in air and dust. Median concentration ranges of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD from all microenvironments were 19-570, 1.7-280, 29-3200 and < 1.6-2 pg/m³ in air and 22-240, 6.1-80, 330-1400 and 45-340 ng/g in dust, respectively. Significant correlations were found between concentrations of some PBDEs and HBCD in air and/or dust and the presence of electronic/electrical devices, foam furniture, PUF mattresses and synthetic bed pillows in, as well as floor area and construction year of the microenvironment. Car interiors were a source to indoor air in dealership halls. Using median and maximum concentrations of ΣPenta-, ΣOcta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD in air and dust, adult and toddler (12-24 months) intakes from inhalation and dust ingestion were estimated. Toddlers had higher estimated intakes of ΣPenta-, ΣDecaBDE and HBCD (7.8, 43, 7.6 ng/d, respectively) from dust ingestion than adults (5.8, 38, 6.0 ng/d, respectively). Air inhalation in offices was also an important exposure pathway for ΣPenta-, ΣOcta- and ΣDecaBDE in adults. For ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, air inhalation and dust ingestion play minor roles when compared to previously published Swedish dietary intakes (median exposures). However, in worst case scenarios using maximum concentrations, dust ingestion may represent 77 and 95% of toddler intake for ΣPentaBDE and HBCD, respectively.     

基于在线监测系统的金属矿山采场爆破粉尘浓度分布规律研究

为了探究爆破粉尘浓度及有毒有害气体分布规律，以粉尘浓度传感器、CO检测仪为主要设备设计并搭建尘烟在线监测系统。设计并制作移动式观测台车，用于解决梅山铁矿无底柱分段崩落采矿法地下难以人工采集数据的难题。现场试验表明:在起爆后的1.5 h内，采场内粉尘浓度先增高后降低，如此循环若干次，但每次的峰值依次减小；采场内CO浓度短时间内上升到最大值，为2 227.3×10-6，之后CO浓度逐步降低，但均都在24×10-6以上。可采用多组份水炮泥源头降尘措施，配以通风排尘，使尘烟浓度降到规程许可浓度范围内。     

基于无人机的施工扬尘污染源自动监测系统设计与实现

施工扬尘是大气污染物的主要来源和施工环境监测的重点对象,但传统监测手段的效率和效果有限。为此,综合使用无人机和图像识别技术,以HSV特征提取、直方图对比、非零像素点计算为核心,设计了施工扬尘污染源自动监测系统的结构、功能及运行流程,并对运行效果进行了测试。研究和测试表明:该系统可实现监测区航拍、污染源特征提取、污染源存在性检验、污染源种类判定和污染源分布区面积计算;该系统污染源存在性检验正确率为71%,污染源面积计算效率较高,污染源特征比对效果相对稳定,基本满足施工扬尘污染源监测需求。     

登陆台风低压再度发展引发的特大暴雨诊断分析

利用常规资料和NCEP1°×1°的分析场资料,对2008年8号台风"凤凰"减弱的低气压在滁河地区造成的特大暴雨灾害过程进行了较深入的分析。通过对暴雨期间涡度与垂直速度空间结构变化分析得到:暴雨的增幅发生在正涡度发展和上升运动明显增强的过程中,当上升运动开始减弱时,雨强也开始减小。     

废镀锌板炼钢粉尘的浸出过程

为了解决废镀锌板冶炼粉尘造成的资源浪费和环境污染的问题,首先研究了用硫酸浸出该类粉尘中有价金属的过程。在不同温度条件下,控制浸出时间、液固比和硫酸浓度等因素,将粉尘中以不同形式存在的锌浸出。常温条件下,苏钢粉尘中赋存于氧化锌中的锌被全部浸出;高温强酸条件下,常温浸出过程中未被浸出的,赋存于铁酸锌中的锌几乎被全部浸出,浸出率达到98%。     

Effect of superfine KHCO3 and ABC powder on ignition sensitivity of PMMA dust layer

In order to evaluate the flame-retardant capacity of KHCO₃ and ABC on the ignition of PMMA dust layer accumulation on hot surfaces, the ignition time and critical heating temperature of PMMA/KHCO₃ and PMMA/ABC dust layer were experimentally investigated. The thermal stability of the mixed dust, the condensed phase products and gas phase products of the mixed dust combustion were analyzed to reveal the flame-retardant mechanism. The ignition time of 30 μm PMMA was obviously longer than that of 5 μm PMMA, and the critical heating temperature was close to that of 5 μm PMMA. KHCO₃ and ABC could greatly extend the ignition time of the PMMA dust layer and increase the critical heating temperature of the dust layer. ABC was more effective than KHCO₃. The decomposition of KHCO₃ and ABC absorbed the heat and inhibits the pyrolysis of PMMA. The HPO₃ and P₂O₅ generated by the decomposition of ABC would cover the surface of PMMA aggregates or particles and act as a physical barrier. The main light combustible gas produced by PMMA pyrolysis were CO and C₂H₄. The CO₂ generated during the decomposition of KHCO₃ could dilute the combustible gas in the ambient to inhibit the combustion of PMMA.     

长沙市城区施工扬尘和土壤扬尘污染时空特征研究

随着我国城市化的迅速发展,大气污染问题成为影响人们生活幸福感的重要因素之一。施工、裸露地面等引起的扬尘成为城市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源。将GIS方法和原环保部《扬尘源颗粒物排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》推荐的计算方法相结合,估算出2016—2018年长沙市城区施工扬尘源、土壤扬尘源的颗粒物排放量,从时空分布特征与空间自相关等多个方面剖析了扬尘源的颗粒物排放情况。结果表明:长沙市扬尘源沿中心城区向西、北方向辐射,呈现出半圆环形的带状分布,以城乡接合部最为集中；2016—2018年,长沙市城区扬尘源排放量总体呈现逐年递减的变化趋势。研究结果与长沙市城区实际情况基本相符,可为长沙市扬尘污染控制策略的制定提供参考。